Pneumatics, hydraulics and vacuum

Pressure, flow and actuator geometry with compressibility assumptions.

bore, rod, chamber pressures, efficiency → extend/retract force, pressure demand

bore, rod, flow, circuit configuration → piston speed, required flow

cylinder volumes, cycle rate, absolute pressures → free-air consumption, compressor load estimate

pressure, flow, efficiencies → fluid power, motor demand, heat loss

displacement, pressure, flow, efficiency → torque, RPM, shaft power

pressure difference, cup area, load, leakage factor → holding force, cup count estimate

chamber volume, pump-speed model, start/end pressure → idealized pump-down time

demand excursion, pressure bounds, time, temperature assumption → receiver volume, pressure decay

pressure bounds, oil volume, gas law exponent → nominal gas volume, usable stored energy

flow, pressure difference, fluid, coefficient convention → Cv or Kv, operating-point check