Sensors and instrumentation

Measurement chains with explicit noise, bandwidth and calibration.

physical span, sensitivity, gain, ADC range → output span, resolution, headroom

offset, gain error, nonlinearity, drift, calibration → worst-case or statistical error

resistance, beta or Steinhart-Hart data, excitation → temperature, voltage, self-heating estimate

RTD curve, excitation, wiring resistance, gain → temperature estimate, lead-error screening

type/calibration curve, junction temperatures, amplifier → signal level, cold-junction error budget

gauge factor, strain, bridge arrangement, excitation → bridge output, gain requirement

rated sensitivity, excitation, force span, ADC chain → signal span, nominal force resolution

counts/revolution, gearing, sample interval, speed → position increment, velocity quantization

bias assumptions, integration time, motion model → orientation, velocity and position drift estimates

path, sound-speed assumptions, timer resolution → distance, timing and temperature sensitivity

magnet/field model, sensor sensitivity, placement → signal range, position sensitivity